277 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
277 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
# About
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`CENTVRION` is the programming language for the modern roman.
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# Documentation
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## Example code
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### Hello World
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```
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DESIGNA x VT "Hello World!"
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DICE x
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```
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### Recursive Fibonacci number function
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```
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DEFINI fib(x) VT {
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SI x EST NVLLVS TVNC {
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REDI(NVLLVS)
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} ALVID SI x EST I TVNC {
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REDI(I)
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} ALVID {
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REDI(INVOCA fib(x-II) + INVOCA fib(x-I))
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}
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}
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```
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### Number guessing game
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```
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CVM FORS
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DESIGNA correct VT FORTIS_NVMERVS(I,C)
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DESIGNA gvess VT NVLLVS
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DVM FALSITAS FACE {
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DESIGNA gvess VT AVDI_NVMERVS()
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SI gvess MINVS correct TVNC {
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DICE("Too low!")
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} ALVID SI gvess PLVS correct TVNC {
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DICE("Too high!")
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} ALVID {
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ERVMPE
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}
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}
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DICE("You guessed correctly!")
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```
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## Variables
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Variables are set with the `DESIGNA` and `VT` keywords. Type is inferred.
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```
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DESIGNA x VT XXVI
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```
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Variable can consist of lower-case letters, numbers, as well as `_`.
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## Data types
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### NVLLVS
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`NVLLVS` is a special kind of data type in `CENTVRION`, similar to the `null` value in many other languages. `NVLLVS` can be 0 if evaluated as an int or float, or an empty string if evaluated as a string. `NVLLVS` cannot be evaluated as a boolean.
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### Strings
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Strings are written as text in quotes (`'` or `"`).
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```
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DESIGNA x VT "this is a string"
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```
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### Integers
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Integers must be written in roman numerals using the following symbols:
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|Symbol|Value|
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|------|-----|
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|`I`|1|
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|`V`|5|
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|`X`|10|
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|`L`|50|
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|`C`|100|
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|`D`|500|
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|`M`|1000|
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Each of the symbols written by themself is equal to the value of the symbol. Different symbols written from largest to smallest are equal to the sum of the symbols. Two to three of the same symbol written consecutively is equal to the sum of those symbols (only true for `I`s, `X`s, `C`s or `M`s ). A single `I` written before a `V` or `X` is equal to 1 less than the value of the second symbol. Similarly, an `X` written before a `L` or `C` is 10 less than the second symbol, and a `C` written before a `D` or `M` is 100 less than the second symbol.
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Because of the restrictions of roman numerals, numbers above 3.999 are impossible to write in the base `CENTVRION` syntax. If numbers of that size are required, see the `MAGNVM` module.
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The number 0 can be expressed with the keyword `NVLLVS`.
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#### Negative numbers
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Negative numbers can be expressed as `NVLLVS` minus the value. For an explicit definition of negative numbers, see the `SVBNVLLA` module.
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### Floats
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The base `CENTVRION` syntax does not allow for floats. However, the `FRACTIO` module adds a syntax for fractions.
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### Booleans
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Booleans are denoted with the keywords `VERITAS` for true and `FALSITAS` for false.
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### Arrays
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Arrays are defined using square brackets (`[]`) and commas (`,`). An array of integers can also be initialized with the `VSQVE` keyword:
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```
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DESIGNA x VT [1 VSQVE 10]
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```
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## Conditionals
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### SI/TVNC
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If-then statements are denoted with the keywords `SI` (if) and `TVNC` (then). Thus, the code
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```
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DESIGNA x VT VERITAS
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SI x TVNC {
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DICE(I)
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REDI(NVLLLVS)
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}
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DICE NVLLVS
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> I
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```
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Will return `I` (1), as the conditional evaluates `x` to be true.
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### Boolean expressions
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In conditionals, `EST` functions as an equality evaluation, and `MINVS` (<) and `PLVS` (>) function as inequality evaluation.
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### ALVID
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When using `SI`/`TVNC` statements, you can also use `ALVID` as an "else".
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```
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DESIGNA x VT VERITAS
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SI x TVNC {
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DICE(I)
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} ALVID {
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DICE(NVLLVS)
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}
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> I
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```
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`SI` statements may follow immediately after `ALVID`.
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```
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DESIGNA x VT II
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SI x EST I TVNC
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DICE(I)
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ALVID SI x EST II TVNC
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DICE(II)
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ALVID
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DICE(III)
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> II
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```
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### Boolean operators
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The keyword `ET` can be used as a boolean "and". The keyword `AVT` can be used as a boolean "or".
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```
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DESIGNA x VT VERITAS
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DESIGNA y VT FALSITAS
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SI x ET y TVNC {
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DICE(I)
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} ALVID SI x AVT y TVNC {
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DICE(II)
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} ALVID {
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DICE(III)
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}
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> II
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```
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## Loops
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### DONICVM loops
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```
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DESIGNA x VT NVLLVS
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DONICVM y VT NVLLVS VSQVE X FACE {
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DESIGNA x VT x + y
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}
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DICE(x)
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> XLV
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```
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### DVM loops
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```
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DESIGNA x VT NVLLVS
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DVM x PLVS X FACE {
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DESIGNA x VT x+I
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}
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DICE(x)
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> XI
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```
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### PER loops
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```
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DESIGNA x VT [I, II, III, IV, V]
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PER y IN x FACE {
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DICE(y)
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}
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> I
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> II
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> III
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> IV
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> V
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```
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## Functions
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Functions are defined with the `DEFINI` and `VT` keywords. The `REDI` keyword is used to return. `REDI` must have exactly one parameter. `REDI` can also be used to end the program, if used outside of a function.
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Calling a function is done with the `INVOCA` keyword.
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```
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DEFINI square x VT {
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REDI(x*x)
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}
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DICE(INVOCA square(XI))
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> CXXI
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```
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## Built-ins
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### DICE
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### AVDI
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### AVDI_NVMERVS
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### ERVMPE
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### LONGITVDO
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## Modules
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Modules are additions to the base `CENTVRION` syntax. They add or change certain features. Modules are included in your code by having
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```CVM %MODVLE NAME%```
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In the beginning of your source file.
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Vnlike many other programming languages with modules, the modules in `CENTVRION` are not libraries that can be "imported" from other scripts written in the language. They are features of the compiler, disabled by default.
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### FORS
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```CVM FORS```
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The `FORS` module allows you to add randomness to your `CENTVRION` program. It adds 2 new built-in functions: `FORTIS_NVMERVS int int` and `FORTIS_ELECTIONIS ['a]`.
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`FORTIS_NVMERVS int int` picks a random int in the (inclusive) range of the two given ints.
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`FORTIS_ELECTIONIS ['a]` picks a random element from the given array. `FORTIS_ELECTIONIS array` is identical to ```array[FORTIS_NVMERVS NVLLVS ((LONGITVDO array)-I)]```.
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### FRACTIO
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```CVM FRACTIO```
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The `FRACTIO` module adds floats, in the form of base 12 fractions.
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In the `FRACTIO` module, `.` represents 1/12, `:` represents 1/6 and `S` represents 1/2. The symbols must be written from highest to lowest. So 3/4 would be written as "`S:.`".
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Fractions can be written as an extension of integers. So 3.5 would be "`IIIS`".
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The symbol `|` can be used to denote that the following fraction symbols are 1 "level down" in base 12. So after the first `|`, the fraction symbols denote 144ths instead of 12ths. So 7 and 100/144 would be "`VIIS:|::`", as "7 + 100/144" is also "7+8/12+4/144".
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A single "set" of fraction symbols can only represent up to 11/12, as 12/12 can be written as 1.
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### MAGNVM
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```CVM MAGNVM```
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`MAGNVM` adds the ability to write integers larger than `MMMCMXCIX` (3.999) in your code, by adding the thousands operator, "`_`".
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When `_` is added _after_ a numeric symbol, the symbol becomes 1.000 times larger. The operator can be added to the same symbol multiple times. So "`V_`" is 5.000, and "`V__`" is 5.000.000. The strict rules for integers still apply, so 4.999 cannot be written as "`IV_`", but must instead be written as "`MV_CMXCIX`".
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All integer symbols except `I` may be given a `_`.
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### SVBNVLLA
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```CVM SVBNVLLA```
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The `SVBNVLLA` module adds the ability to write negative numbers as `-II` instead of `NVLLVS-II`.
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