From f197c2c3d519d0d12f83462905f7db5a9abd2ce1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: NikolajDanger <nikolaj@ingemanngade.net>
Date: Fri, 24 Apr 2026 18:33:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] :goat: Step in for loop

---
 README.md                                     |  10 ++
 centvrion/ast_nodes.py                        |  39 ++++++--
 centvrion/compiler/emit_expr.py               |  19 +++-
 centvrion/lexer.py                            |   1 +
 centvrion/parser.py                           |   9 ++
 language/main.tex                             |   7 +-
 snippets/donicvm_gradv.cent                   |   5 +
 snippets/donicvm_gradv.png                    | Bin 0 -> 24734 bytes
 snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax    |   2 +-
 tests.py                                      |  86 ++++++++++++++++++
 vscode-extension/snippets/cent.json           |   1 +
 .../syntaxes/cent.tmLanguage.json             |   2 +-
 12 files changed, 167 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 snippets/donicvm_gradv.cent
 create mode 100644 snippets/donicvm_gradv.png

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e9a76b3..a52a816 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -222,6 +222,16 @@ The keyword `ET` can be used as a boolean "and". The keyword `AVT` can be used a
 > LV
 ```
 
+An optional `GRADV` clause sets the stride. The step must be a nonzero
+integer expression; positive values ascend, negative values descend, and
+the endpoint is included only when the stride lands on it exactly.
+
+![DONICVM with GRADV](snippets/donicvm_gradv.png)
+
+```
+> XXV
+```
+
 ### DVM loops
 
 ![DVM loop](snippets/dvm.png)
diff --git a/centvrion/ast_nodes.py b/centvrion/ast_nodes.py
index 76a1515..b7229c4 100644
--- a/centvrion/ast_nodes.py
+++ b/centvrion/ast_nodes.py
@@ -369,19 +369,28 @@ class DataArray(Node):
 
 
 class DataRangeArray(Node):
-  def __init__(self, from_value, to_value) -> None:
+  def __init__(self, from_value, to_value, step=None) -> None:
     self.from_value = from_value
     self.to_value = to_value
+    self.step = step
 
   def __eq__(self, other):
-    return type(self) == type(other) and self.from_value == other.from_value and self.to_value == other.to_value
+    return (type(self) == type(other)
+            and self.from_value == other.from_value
+            and self.to_value == other.to_value
+            and self.step == other.step)
 
   def __repr__(self) -> str:
-    content_string = rep_join([self.from_value, self.to_value])
-    return f"RangeArray([{content_string}])"
+    parts = [self.from_value, self.to_value]
+    if self.step is not None:
+      parts.append(self.step)
+    return f"RangeArray([{rep_join(parts)}])"
 
   def print(self):
-    return f"[{self.from_value.print()} VSQVE {self.to_value.print()}]"
+    base = f"[{self.from_value.print()} VSQVE {self.to_value.print()}"
+    if self.step is not None:
+      base += f" GRADV {self.step.print()}"
+    return base + "]"
 
   def _eval(self, vtable):
     vtable, from_val = self.from_value.eval(vtable)
@@ -390,7 +399,25 @@ class DataRangeArray(Node):
       raise CentvrionError("Range bounds must be numbers")
     from_int = from_val.value() or 0
     to_int = to_val.value() or 0
-    return vtable, ValList([ValInt(i) for i in range(from_int, to_int + 1)])
+    if self.step is None:
+      return vtable, ValList([ValInt(i) for i in range(from_int, to_int + 1)])
+    vtable, step_val = self.step.eval(vtable)
+    if not isinstance(step_val, ValInt):
+      raise CentvrionError("Range step must be a number")
+    step_int = step_val.value()
+    if step_int == 0:
+      raise CentvrionError("Range step cannot be zero")
+    items = []
+    i = from_int
+    if step_int > 0:
+      while i <= to_int:
+        items.append(ValInt(i))
+        i += step_int
+    else:
+      while i >= to_int:
+        items.append(ValInt(i))
+        i += step_int
+    return vtable, ValList(items)
 
 
 class DataDict(Node):
diff --git a/centvrion/compiler/emit_expr.py b/centvrion/compiler/emit_expr.py
index 44ee431..c319727 100644
--- a/centvrion/compiler/emit_expr.py
+++ b/centvrion/compiler/emit_expr.py
@@ -166,10 +166,21 @@ def emit_expr(node, ctx):
     hi_lines, hi_var = emit_expr(node.to_value, ctx)
     tmp = ctx.fresh_tmp()
     i_var = ctx.fresh_tmp()
-    cap = f"({hi_var}.ival >= {lo_var}.ival ? (int)({hi_var}.ival - {lo_var}.ival + 1) : 0)"
-    lines = lo_lines + hi_lines + [
-      f"CentValue {tmp} = cent_list_new({cap});",
-      f"for (long {i_var} = {lo_var}.ival; {i_var} <= {hi_var}.ival; {i_var}++) {{",
+    if node.step is None:
+      cap = f"({hi_var}.ival >= {lo_var}.ival ? (int)({hi_var}.ival - {lo_var}.ival + 1) : 0)"
+      lines = lo_lines + hi_lines + [
+        f"CentValue {tmp} = cent_list_new({cap});",
+        f"for (long {i_var} = {lo_var}.ival; {i_var} <= {hi_var}.ival; {i_var}++) {{",
+        f"  cent_list_push(&{tmp}, cent_int({i_var}));",
+        "}",
+      ]
+      return lines, tmp
+    step_lines, step_var = emit_expr(node.step, ctx)
+    lines = lo_lines + hi_lines + step_lines + [
+      f'if ({step_var}.type != CENT_INT) cent_type_error("Range step must be a number");',
+      f'if ({step_var}.ival == 0) cent_runtime_error("Range step cannot be zero");',
+      f"CentValue {tmp} = cent_list_new(0);",
+      f"for (long {i_var} = {lo_var}.ival; ({step_var}.ival > 0 ? {i_var} <= {hi_var}.ival : {i_var} >= {hi_var}.ival); {i_var} += {step_var}.ival) {{",
       f"  cent_list_push(&{tmp}, cent_int({i_var}));",
       "}",
     ]
diff --git a/centvrion/lexer.py b/centvrion/lexer.py
index 1370f44..207847e 100644
--- a/centvrion/lexer.py
+++ b/centvrion/lexer.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ keyword_tokens = [("KEYWORD_"+i, i) for i in [
   "FAC",
   "FALSITAS",
   "FVNCTIO",
+  "GRADV",
   "HAVD_MINVS",
   "HAVD_PLVS",
   "INVOCA",
diff --git a/centvrion/parser.py b/centvrion/parser.py
index 673ba4a..5110886 100644
--- a/centvrion/parser.py
+++ b/centvrion/parser.py
@@ -276,6 +276,11 @@ class Parser():
       range_array = ast_nodes.DataRangeArray(tokens[3], tokens[5])
       return ast_nodes.PerStatement(range_array, tokens[1], tokens[8])
 
+    @self.pg.production('donicum_statement : KEYWORD_DONICVM id KEYWORD_VT expression KEYWORD_VSQVE expression KEYWORD_GRADV expression KEYWORD_FAC SYMBOL_LCURL statements SYMBOL_RCURL')
+    def donicum_step(tokens):
+      range_array = ast_nodes.DataRangeArray(tokens[3], tokens[5], tokens[7])
+      return ast_nodes.PerStatement(range_array, tokens[1], tokens[10])
+
     # expressions
     @self.pg.production('expressions : SYMBOL_LPARENS expression_list')
     def expressions(tokens):
@@ -394,6 +399,10 @@ class Parser():
     def range_array(tokens):
       return ast_nodes.DataRangeArray(tokens[1], tokens[3])
 
+    @self.pg.production('expression : SYMBOL_LBRACKET expression KEYWORD_VSQVE expression KEYWORD_GRADV expression SYMBOL_RBRACKET')
+    def range_array_step(tokens):
+      return ast_nodes.DataRangeArray(tokens[1], tokens[3], tokens[5])
+
     @self.pg.production('expression : expression SYMBOL_LBRACKET expression SYMBOL_RBRACKET', precedence='INDEX')
     def array_index(tokens):
       return ast_nodes.ArrayIndex(tokens[0], tokens[2])
diff --git a/language/main.tex b/language/main.tex
index 21bdc2d..d2051ec 100644
--- a/language/main.tex
+++ b/language/main.tex
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{AETERNVM} \texttt{FAC} \textit{scope}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{PER} \textbf{id} \texttt{IN} \textit{expression} \texttt{FAC} \textit{scope}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{PER} \textbf{id}\texttt{,} \textbf{id-list} \texttt{IN} \textit{expression} \texttt{FAC} \textit{scope}} \\
-        \languageline{statement}{\texttt{DONICVM} \textbf{id} \texttt{VT} \textit{expression} \texttt{VSQVE} \textit{expression} \texttt{FAC} \textit{scope}} \\
+        \languageline{statement}{\texttt{DONICVM} \textbf{id} \texttt{VT} \textit{expression} \texttt{VSQVE} \textit{expression} \textit{optional-step} \texttt{FAC} \textit{scope}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{REDI(} \textit{optional-expressions} \texttt{)}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{ERVMPE}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{CONTINVA}} \\
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
         \languageline{literal}{\textbf{numeral}} \\
         \languageline{literal}{\textbf{bool}} \\
         \languageline{literal}{\texttt{[} \textit{optional-expressions} \texttt{]}} \\
-        \languageline{literal}{\texttt{[} \textit{expression} \texttt{VSQVE} \textit{expression} \texttt{]} \textnormal{\small\ (inclusive on both ends)}} \\
+        \languageline{literal}{\texttt{[} \textit{expression} \texttt{VSQVE} \textit{expression} \textit{optional-step} \texttt{]} \textnormal{\small\ (inclusive on both ends)}} \\
         \languageline{literal}{\texttt{TABVLA} \texttt{\{} \textit{optional-dict-items} \texttt{\}}} \\ \hline
 
         \languageline{optional-dict-items}{\textit{dict-items}} \\
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@
 
         \languageline{expressions}{\textit{expression}, \textit{expressions}} \\
         \languageline{expressions}{\textit{expression}} \\ \hline
+
+        \languageline{optional-step}{\texttt{GRADV} \textit{expression}} \\
+        \languageline{optional-step}{} \\ \hline
     \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
 \end{table}
diff --git a/snippets/donicvm_gradv.cent b/snippets/donicvm_gradv.cent
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4136b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/snippets/donicvm_gradv.cent
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+DESIGNA s VT NVLLVS
+DONICVM i VT I VSQVE X GRADV II FAC {
+  s AVGE i
+}
+DIC(s)
diff --git a/snippets/donicvm_gradv.png b/snippets/donicvm_gradv.png
new file mode 100644
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DFkGSk

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax b/snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax
index eafe5e0..52002a3 100644
--- a/snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax
+++ b/snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ contexts:
       scope: support.class.module.centvrion
 
   keywords:
-    - match: '\b(HAVD_PLVS|HAVD_MINVS|AETERNVM|ALIVD|AVGE|AVT|CAPE|CONTINVA|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DISPAR|DIVIDE|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|EST|ET|FAC|FVNCTIO|INVOCA|IN|MINVE|MINVS|MVLTIPLICA|NON|PER|PLVS|REDI|RELIQVVM|SI|TABVLA|TEMPTA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT|CVM)\b'
+    - match: '\b(HAVD_PLVS|HAVD_MINVS|AETERNVM|ALIVD|AVGE|AVT|CAPE|CONTINVA|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DISPAR|DIVIDE|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|EST|ET|FAC|FVNCTIO|GRADV|INVOCA|IN|MINVE|MINVS|MVLTIPLICA|NON|PER|PLVS|REDI|RELIQVVM|SI|TABVLA|TEMPTA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT|CVM)\b'
       scope: keyword.control.centvrion
 
   operators:
diff --git a/tests.py b/tests.py
index bcc02d0..7a541da 100644
--- a/tests.py
+++ b/tests.py
@@ -894,6 +894,8 @@ error_tests = [
   ('CVM RETE\nAVSCVLTA(LXXX)', CentvrionError),                               # AVSCVLTA: no routes registered
   ('AVSCVLTA(LXXX)', CentvrionError),                                         # RETE required for AVSCVLTA
   ('CVM RETE\nPETITVR("/", FVNCTIO (r) VT {\nREDI("hi")\n})\nAVSCVLTA("text")', CentvrionError),  # AVSCVLTA port must be integer
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE X GRADV I - I FAC { DIC(i) }", CentvrionError),  # GRADV zero step
+  ('DONICVM i VT I VSQVE X GRADV "foo" FAC { DIC(i) }', CentvrionError),  # GRADV non-integer step
 ]
 
 class TestErrors(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -1705,6 +1707,90 @@ loop_edge_tests = [
       ExpressionStatement(Invoca(ID("f"), [])),
     ]),
     ValInt(4)),  # returns b=IV when a=III
+  # DONICVM GRADV II, endpoint hit exactly: [I, III, V]
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE V GRADV II FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("V"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("V"), "I\nIII\nV\n"),
+  # DONICVM GRADV II, endpoint overshot: VI excluded, stops at V
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE VI GRADV II FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("VI"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("V"), "I\nIII\nV\n"),
+  # DONICVM GRADV I is equivalent to default step
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE III GRADV I FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("III"), Numeral("I")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("III"), "I\nII\nIII\n"),
+  # DONICVM descending by I
+  ("CVM SVBNVLLA\nDONICVM i VT V VSQVE I GRADV - I FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([ModuleCall("SVBNVLLA")], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("V"), Numeral("I"), UnaryMinus(Numeral("I"))),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("I"), "V\nIV\nIII\nII\nI\n"),
+  # DONICVM descending by II, endpoint overshot
+  ("CVM SVBNVLLA\nDONICVM i VT X VSQVE I GRADV - II FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([ModuleCall("SVBNVLLA")], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("X"), Numeral("I"), UnaryMinus(Numeral("II"))),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("II"), "X\nVIII\nVI\nIV\nII\n"),
+  # DONICVM with step bound to a variable
+  ("DESIGNA s VT II\nDONICVM i VT I VSQVE V GRADV s FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [
+      Designa(ID("s"), Numeral("II")),
+      PerStatement(
+        DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("V"), ID("s")),
+        ID("i"),
+        [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("V"), "I\nIII\nV\n"),
+  # DONICVM from == to with nonzero step: single iteration
+  ("DONICVM i VT III VSQVE III GRADV II FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("III"), Numeral("III"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("III"), "III\n"),
+  # DONICVM direction mismatch — negative step with ascending bounds: body never runs
+  ("CVM SVBNVLLA\nDESIGNA x VT NVLLVS\nDONICVM i VT I VSQVE X GRADV - I FAC { DESIGNA x VT x + i }\nx",
+    Program([ModuleCall("SVBNVLLA")], [
+      Designa(ID("x"), Nullus()),
+      PerStatement(
+        DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("X"), UnaryMinus(Numeral("I"))),
+        ID("i"),
+        [Designa(ID("x"), BinOp(ID("x"), ID("i"), "SYMBOL_PLUS"))]),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("x"))]),
+    ValNul(), ""),
+  # Range-array literal with GRADV used via PER
+  ("PER i IN [I VSQVE V GRADV II] FAC { DIC(i) }",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("V"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("V"), "I\nIII\nV\n"),
+  # DONICVM GRADV II with CONTINVA: skip value V, print the others
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE IX GRADV II FAC {\nSI i EST V TVNC { CONTINVA }\nDIC(i)\n}",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("IX"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [SiStatement(BinOp(ID("i"), Numeral("V"), "KEYWORD_EST"), [Continva()], None),
+       ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("IX"), "I\nIII\nVII\nIX\n"),
+  # DONICVM GRADV II with ERVMPE: stop at V (last successful DIC was III)
+  ("DONICVM i VT I VSQVE IX GRADV II FAC {\nSI i EST V TVNC { ERVMPE }\nDIC(i)\n}",
+    Program([], [PerStatement(
+      DataRangeArray(Numeral("I"), Numeral("IX"), Numeral("II")),
+      ID("i"),
+      [SiStatement(BinOp(ID("i"), Numeral("V"), "KEYWORD_EST"), [Erumpe()], None),
+       ExpressionStatement(BuiltIn("DIC", [ID("i")]))])]),
+    ValStr("III"), "I\nIII\n"),
 ]
 
 class TestLoopEdge(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/vscode-extension/snippets/cent.json b/vscode-extension/snippets/cent.json
index a16cdb4..358f884 100644
--- a/vscode-extension/snippets/cent.json
+++ b/vscode-extension/snippets/cent.json
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
   "FAC": { "prefix": "FAC", "body": "FAC", "description": "block opener for loops and functions" },
   "FALSITAS": { "prefix": "FALSITAS", "body": "FALSITAS", "description": "boolean false" },
   "FVNCTIO": { "prefix": "FVNCTIO", "body": "FVNCTIO", "description": "anonymous function expression" },
+  "GRADV": { "prefix": "GRADV", "body": "GRADV", "description": "DONICVM range step (by a step of)" },
   "HAVD_MINVS": { "prefix": "HAVD_MINVS", "body": "HAVD_MINVS", "description": "greater-or-equal (>=)" },
   "HAVD_PLVS": { "prefix": "HAVD_PLVS", "body": "HAVD_PLVS", "description": "less-or-equal (<=)" },
   "IN": { "prefix": "IN", "body": "IN", "description": "PER-loop iterator separator" },
diff --git a/vscode-extension/syntaxes/cent.tmLanguage.json b/vscode-extension/syntaxes/cent.tmLanguage.json
index 0a4bdac..eeea8c8 100644
--- a/vscode-extension/syntaxes/cent.tmLanguage.json
+++ b/vscode-extension/syntaxes/cent.tmLanguage.json
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 			"patterns": [
 				{
 					"name": "keyword.control.cent",
-					"match": "\\b(AETERNVM|ALIVD|AVGE|AVT|CAPE|CONTINVA|CVM|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DIVIDE|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|ET|FAC|FVNCTIO|IN|INVOCA|MINVE|MVLTIPLICA|NON|PER|REDI|SI|TABVLA|TEMPTA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT)\\b"
+					"match": "\\b(AETERNVM|ALIVD|AVGE|AVT|CAPE|CONTINVA|CVM|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DIVIDE|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|ET|FAC|FVNCTIO|GRADV|IN|INVOCA|MINVE|MVLTIPLICA|NON|PER|REDI|SI|TABVLA|TEMPTA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT)\\b"
 				},
 				{
 					"name": "keyword.operator.comparison.cent",