🐐 TEMPTA/CAPE

README.md

@@ -240,6 +240,24 @@ condition. Exit the loop with `ERVMPE` (or `REDI` from inside a function).
 > V
 ```
 
+## Error handling
+
+Errors can be caught using `TEMPTA` (temptare = to try) and `CAPE` (capere = to catch). The `CAPE` block binds the error message to a variable as a string.
+
+```
+TEMPTA {
+  DESIGNA x VT I / NVLLVS
+} CAPE error {
+  DICE(error)
+}
+```
+
+```
+> Division by zero
+```
+
+If the try block succeeds, the catch block is skipped. If an error occurs in the catch block, it propagates up. `TEMPTA`/`CAPE` blocks can be nested.
+
 ## Functions
 Functions are defined with the `DEFINI` and `VT` keywords. The `REDI` keyword is used to return. `REDI` can also be used to end the program, if used outside of a function.
 

centvrion/ast_nodes.py

@@ -1045,6 +1045,45 @@ class PerStatement(Node):
     return vtable, last_val
 
 
+class TemptaStatement(Node):
+  def __init__(self, try_statements, error_var, catch_statements) -> None:
+    self.try_statements = try_statements
+    self.error_var = error_var
+    self.catch_statements = catch_statements
+
+  def __eq__(self, other):
+    return (type(self) == type(other)
+      and self.try_statements == other.try_statements
+      and self.error_var == other.error_var
+      and self.catch_statements == other.catch_statements)
+
+  def __repr__(self) -> str:
+    try_stmts = f"try([{rep_join(self.try_statements)}])"
+    catch_stmts = f"catch([{rep_join(self.catch_statements)}])"
+    tempta_string = rep_join([try_stmts, repr(self.error_var), catch_stmts])
+    return f"Tempta({tempta_string})"
+
+  def print(self):
+    try_body = "\n".join(s.print() for s in self.try_statements)
+    catch_body = "\n".join(s.print() for s in self.catch_statements)
+    return f"TEMPTA {{\n{try_body}\n}} CAPE {self.error_var.print()} {{\n{catch_body}\n}}"
+
+  def _eval(self, vtable):
+    last_val = ValNul()
+    try:
+      for statement in self.try_statements:
+        vtable, last_val = statement.eval(vtable)
+        if vtable["#return"] is not None or vtable["#break"] or vtable["#continue"]:
+          return vtable, last_val
+    except CentvrionError as e:
+      vtable[self.error_var.name] = ValStr(str(e))
+      for statement in self.catch_statements:
+        vtable, last_val = statement.eval(vtable)
+        if vtable["#return"] is not None or vtable["#break"] or vtable["#continue"]:
+          return vtable, last_val
+    return vtable, last_val
+
+
 class Invoca(Node):
   def __init__(self, callee, parameters) -> None:
     self.callee = callee

centvrion/compiler/emit_stmt.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from centvrion.ast_nodes import (
   Designa, DesignaIndex, DesignaDestructure, SiStatement, DumStatement,
-  PerStatement, Defini, Redi, Erumpe, Continva, ExpressionStatement, ID,
+  PerStatement, TemptaStatement, Defini, Redi, Erumpe, Continva,
+  ExpressionStatement, ID,
 )
 from centvrion.compiler.emit_expr import emit_expr
 
@@ -125,6 +126,24 @@ def emit_stmt(node, ctx):
   if isinstance(node, Continva):
     return ["continue;"]
 
+  if isinstance(node, TemptaStatement):
+    lines = [
+      "_cent_try_depth++;",
+      "if (setjmp(_cent_try_stack[_cent_try_depth - 1]) == 0) {",
+    ]
+    try_lines = _emit_body(node.try_statements, ctx)
+    lines += [f"  {l}" for l in try_lines]
+    lines += [
+      "  _cent_try_depth--;",
+      "} else {",
+      "  _cent_try_depth--;",
+      f'  cent_scope_set(&_scope, "{node.error_var.name}", cent_str(_cent_error_msg));',
+    ]
+    catch_lines = _emit_body(node.catch_statements, ctx)
+    lines += [f"  {l}" for l in catch_lines]
+    lines += ["}"]
+    return lines
+
   if isinstance(node, ExpressionStatement):
     lines, _ = emit_expr(node.expression, ctx)
     return lines

centvrion/compiler/runtime/cent_runtime.c

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 CentArena *cent_arena;
 int cent_magnvm = 0;
 
+jmp_buf _cent_try_stack[CENT_TRY_STACK_MAX];
+int     _cent_try_depth = 0;
+const char *_cent_error_msg = NULL;
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Arena allocator                                                      */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
@@ -50,11 +54,19 @@ void *cent_arena_alloc(CentArena *a, size_t n) {
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
 void cent_type_error(const char *msg) {
+  if (_cent_try_depth > 0) {
+    _cent_error_msg = msg;
+    longjmp(_cent_try_stack[_cent_try_depth - 1], 1);
+  }
   fprintf(stderr, "CENTVRION type error: %s\n", msg);
   exit(1);
 }
 
 void cent_runtime_error(const char *msg) {
+  if (_cent_try_depth > 0) {
+    _cent_error_msg = msg;
+    longjmp(_cent_try_stack[_cent_try_depth - 1], 1);
+  }
   fprintf(stderr, "CENTVRION error: %s\n", msg);
   exit(1);
 }

centvrion/compiler/runtime/cent_runtime.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <setjmp.h>
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Types                                                                */
@@ -145,8 +146,13 @@ static inline CentValue cent_dict_val(CentValue *keys, CentValue *vals, int len,
 /* Error handling                                                       */
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-void cent_type_error(const char *msg);     /* type mismatch → exit(1) */
-void cent_runtime_error(const char *msg);  /* runtime fault  → exit(1) */
+#define CENT_TRY_STACK_MAX 64
+extern jmp_buf _cent_try_stack[];
+extern int     _cent_try_depth;
+extern const char *_cent_error_msg;
+
+void cent_type_error(const char *msg);     /* type mismatch → longjmp or exit(1) */
+void cent_runtime_error(const char *msg);  /* runtime fault  → longjmp or exit(1) */
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
 /* Truthiness — conditions must be booleans; anything else is a fault  */

centvrion/lexer.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ keyword_tokens = [("KEYWORD_"+i, i) for i in [
   "AETERNVM",
   "ALVID",
   "AVGE",
+  "CAPE",
   "AVT",
   "DEFINI",
   "DESIGNA",
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ keyword_tokens = [("KEYWORD_"+i, i) for i in [
   "SI",
   "TVNC",
   "TABVLA",
+  "TEMPTA",
   "VSQVE",
   "VT",
   "VERITAS",

centvrion/parser.py

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ class Parser():
     @self.pg.production('statement : dum_statement')
     @self.pg.production('statement : donicum_statement')
     @self.pg.production('statement : si_statement')
+    @self.pg.production('statement : tempta_statement')
     def nested_statements(tokens):
       return tokens[0]
 
@@ -203,6 +204,10 @@ class Parser():
     def per(tokens):
       return ast_nodes.PerStatement(tokens[3], tokens[1], tokens[6])
 
+    @self.pg.production('tempta_statement : KEYWORD_TEMPTA SYMBOL_LCURL statements SYMBOL_RCURL KEYWORD_CAPE id SYMBOL_LCURL statements SYMBOL_RCURL')
+    def tempta(tokens):
+      return ast_nodes.TemptaStatement(tokens[2], tokens[5], tokens[7])
+
     @self.pg.production('donicum_statement : KEYWORD_DONICVM id KEYWORD_VT expression KEYWORD_VSQVE expression KEYWORD_FACE SYMBOL_LCURL statements SYMBOL_RCURL')
     def donicum(tokens):
       range_array = ast_nodes.DataRangeArray(tokens[3], tokens[5])

language/main.tex

@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{DONICVM} \textbf{id} \texttt{VT} \textit{expression} \texttt{VSQVE} \textit{expression} \texttt{FACE} \textit{scope}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{REDI(} \textit{optional-expressions} \texttt{)}} \\
         \languageline{statement}{\texttt{ERVMPE}} \\
-        \languageline{statement}{\texttt{CONTINVA}} \\ \hline
+        \languageline{statement}{\texttt{CONTINVA}} \\
+        \languageline{statement}{\textit{try-statement}} \\ \hline
+
+        \languageline{try-statement}{\texttt{TEMPTA} \textit{scope} \texttt{CAPE} \textbf{id} \textit{scope}} \\ \hline
 
         \languageline{if-statement}{\texttt{SI} \textit{expression} \texttt{TVNC} \textit{scope}} \\
         \languageline{if-statement}{\texttt{SI} \textit{expression} \texttt{TVNC} \textit{scope} \textit{optional-newline} \textit{else-statement}} \\ \hline

snippets/syntaxes/centvrion.sublime-syntax

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ contexts:
       scope: support.class.module.centvrion
 
   keywords:
-    - match: '\b(AETERNVM|ALVID|AVGE|AVT|CONTINVA|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DISPAR|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|EST|ET|FACE|FVNCTIO|INVOCA|IN|MINVE|MINVS|NON|PER|PLVS|REDI|RELIQVVM|SI|TABVLA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT|CVM)\b'
+    - match: '\b(AETERNVM|ALVID|AVGE|AVT|CAPE|CONTINVA|DEFINI|DESIGNA|DISPAR|DONICVM|DVM|ERVMPE|EST|ET|FACE|FVNCTIO|INVOCA|IN|MINVE|MINVS|NON|PER|PLVS|REDI|RELIQVVM|SI|TABVLA|TEMPTA|TVNC|VSQVE|VT|CVM)\b'
       scope: keyword.control.centvrion
 
   operators:

tests.py

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ from centvrion.ast_nodes import (
   Defini, Continva, Designa, DesignaDestructure, DesignaIndex, DumStatement,
   Erumpe, ExpressionStatement, Fvnctio, ID, InterpolatedString, Invoca,
   ModuleCall, Nullus, Numeral, PerStatement, Program, Redi, SiStatement,
-  String, UnaryMinus, UnaryNot, Fractio, frac_to_fraction, fraction_to_frac,
-  num_to_int, int_to_num, make_string,
+  String, TemptaStatement, UnaryMinus, UnaryNot, Fractio, frac_to_fraction,
+  fraction_to_frac, num_to_int, int_to_num, make_string,
 )
 from centvrion.compiler.emitter import compile_program
 from centvrion.errors import CentvrionError
@@ -686,6 +686,7 @@ error_tests = [
   ("CVM FRACTIO\n[I, II, III][IIIS VSQVE III]", CentvrionError),          # slice with fractional lower bound
   ("CVM FRACTIO\n[I, II, III][I VSQVE IIIS]", CentvrionError),            # slice with fractional upper bound
   ("CVM FRACTIO\n[I, II, III][I / II VSQVE III]", CentvrionError),        # slice with division-fraction lower bound
+  ("TEMPTA {\nDESIGNA x VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA y VT I / NVLLVS\n}", CentvrionError),  # uncaught error in catch block propagates
 ]
 
 class TestErrors(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -2642,5 +2643,122 @@ class TestScripta(unittest.TestCase):
         os.unlink(path)
 
 
+# --- Tempta/Cape (try/catch) ---
+
+tempta_tests = [
+  # Try block succeeds — catch not entered
+  (
+    "TEMPTA {\nDESIGNA r VT I\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT II\n}\nr",
+    Program([], [
+      TemptaStatement(
+        [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("I"))],
+        ID("e"),
+        [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("II"))],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("r")),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(1),
+  ),
+  # Try block errors — caught by catch
+  (
+    "TEMPTA {\nDESIGNA r VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT II\n}\nr",
+    Program([], [
+      TemptaStatement(
+        [Designa(ID("r"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE"))],
+        ID("e"),
+        [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("II"))],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("r")),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(2),
+  ),
+  # Error variable contains the error message
+  (
+    'DESIGNA e VT NVLLVS\nTEMPTA {\nDESIGNA r VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nNVLLVS\n}\ne',
+    Program([], [
+      Designa(ID("e"), Nullus()),
+      TemptaStatement(
+        [Designa(ID("r"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE"))],
+        ID("e"),
+        [ExpressionStatement(Nullus())],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("e")),
+    ]),
+    ValStr("Division by zero"),
+  ),
+  # Nested tempta — inner catches, outer unaffected
+  (
+    "DESIGNA r VT NVLLVS\nTEMPTA {\nTEMPTA {\nDESIGNA r VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT I\n}\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT II\n}\nr",
+    Program([], [
+      Designa(ID("r"), Nullus()),
+      TemptaStatement(
+        [TemptaStatement(
+          [Designa(ID("r"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE"))],
+          ID("e"),
+          [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("I"))],
+        )],
+        ID("e"),
+        [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("II"))],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("r")),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(1),
+  ),
+  # REDI inside catch block
+  (
+    "DEFINI f () VT {\nTEMPTA {\nDESIGNA x VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nREDI (III)\n}\nREDI (IV)\n}\nINVOCA f ()",
+    Program([], [
+      Defini(ID("f"), [], [
+        TemptaStatement(
+          [Designa(ID("x"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE"))],
+          ID("e"),
+          [Redi([Numeral("III")])],
+        ),
+        Redi([Numeral("IV")]),
+      ]),
+      ExpressionStatement(Invoca(ID("f"), [])),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(3),
+  ),
+  # ERVMPE inside catch block (inside a loop)
+  (
+    "DESIGNA r VT NVLLVS\nDVM r EST I FACE {\nTEMPTA {\nDESIGNA x VT I / NVLLVS\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT I\nERVMPE\n}\n}\nr",
+    Program([], [
+      Designa(ID("r"), Nullus()),
+      DumStatement(
+        BinOp(ID("r"), Numeral("I"), "KEYWORD_EST"),
+        [TemptaStatement(
+          [Designa(ID("x"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE"))],
+          ID("e"),
+          [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("I")), Erumpe()],
+        )],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("r")),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(1),
+  ),
+  # Statement after error in try block is not executed
+  (
+    "DESIGNA r VT NVLLVS\nTEMPTA {\nDESIGNA x VT I / NVLLVS\nDESIGNA r VT III\n} CAPE e {\nDESIGNA r VT II\n}\nr",
+    Program([], [
+      Designa(ID("r"), Nullus()),
+      TemptaStatement(
+        [Designa(ID("x"), BinOp(Numeral("I"), Nullus(), "SYMBOL_DIVIDE")),
+         Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("III"))],
+        ID("e"),
+        [Designa(ID("r"), Numeral("II"))],
+      ),
+      ExpressionStatement(ID("r")),
+    ]),
+    ValInt(2),
+  ),
+]
+
+class TestTempta(unittest.TestCase):
+  @parameterized.expand(tempta_tests)
+  def test_tempta(self, source, nodes, value, output=""):
+    run_test(self, source, nodes, value, output)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   unittest.main()